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Ezekiel O Mecha Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

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Joseph N Njagi Marple Grove Gynecological Centre, Kerugoya, Kenya

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Roselydiah N Makunja Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

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Charles O A Omwandho Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Kirinyaga University, Kerugoya, Kenya

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Philippa T K Saunders EXPPECT Centre, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh Bioquarter, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Andrew W Horne EXPPECT Centre, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh Bioquarter, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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contributing to infertility reported that the prevalence of endometriosis among the black population was lower (2%) than that of the White population (7%) ( Wiswedel & Allen 1989 ). However, in a cross-sectional study in Nigeria, Fawole et al . (2015

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Olga Bougie Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

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Ikunna Nwosu School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

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Chelsie Warshafsky Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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endometrial glands and stroma and may present with a variety of symptoms such as pelvic pain and infertility, resulting in a significant negative impact on individuals’ health and quality of life ( Nnoaham et al. 2011 , Zondervan et al. 2018 , Missmer

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Lixia He Reproductive Medicine Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China

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Junyong He Health Management Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

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Qianhong Ma Reproductive Medicine Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

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Song Jin Reproductive Medicine Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

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Yuechao Lu Reproductive Medicine Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

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Dongmei Zhang Reproductive Medicine Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

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Xu Liao Reproductive Medicine Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

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Introduction Infertility is a prevalent issue in various countries worldwide; according to the 2023 WHO report, 1 in 6 people were globally affected by infertility ( https://www.who.int/zh/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility

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Maria Handzhiyska Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Rumiana Ganeva Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Dimitar Parvanov Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Margarita Ruseva Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Petar Eftimov Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, SU St. Climent Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Vilyana Georgieva Department of Andrology, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Denitsa Velikova Department of Andrology, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Georgi Stamenov Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Introduction Nowadays, approximately 15–20% of couples worldwide are diagnosed with impaired fecundity ( Pathak et al. 2020 , Gullo et al. 2021 ). About 40––50% of them are associated with male infertility factors ( Choy & Eisenberg 2018

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Parijot Kumar Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland

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Kevin Marron RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland

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Conor Harrity Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
ReproMed, Dublin, Ireland

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≥3 unexplained miscarriages or infertility; peripheral NK cells >19% 20 127 Placebo Intralipid (4 mL diluted at 20% in 250 mL saline) infusion over 90–120 min None CPR; LBR No Dakhly et al. (2016) RCT ≥3 unexplained

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R de Koning Department of Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
Nederlandse Endometriose Kliniek, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands

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A E P Cantineau Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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K van der Tuuk Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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B De Bie Endometriosis Foundation of the Netherlands (Endometriose Stichting), Sittard, The Netherlands

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H Groen Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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M E van den Akker-van Marle Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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A W Nap Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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J W M Maas Department of Gynaecology and Grow-school of Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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F W Jansen Department of Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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A R H Twijnstra Department of Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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M D Blikkendaal Department of Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
Nederlandse Endometriose Kliniek, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands

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congenital uterine abnormalities, maltreated/untreated systemic or malignant disease or severe risk factors for oocyte aspiration). Patients diagnosed with other diseases causing infertility (e.g. recurrent miscarriages, antiphospholipid syndrome

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Alena J Hungerford Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

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Hassan W Bakos Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
Monash IVF Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Robert J Aitken Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

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Introduction With 10–15% of couples encountering some form of infertility, investigations into the male and female factors contributing to impaired reproductive health have led to the creation of new and constantly improving assisted

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Jack Wilkinson Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Katie Stocking Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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in infertility RCTs found that many different outcomes (361 numerators and 87 denominators, resulting in 815 distinct combinations) appear in the literature, with a median (interquartile range) of 11 (7 to 16) reported per study ( Wilkinson et al

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Rod T Mitchell MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK

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Suzannah A Williams Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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excellent series in fertility preservation. A Tale of Two Testes: Fertility preservation in males When it comes to offering fertility preservation in males at risk of infertility, a key question to be asked is what are we trying to preserve? While

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Megan Brown School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, Lothian, UK

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Mick Rae School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, Lothian, UK

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Nick Wheelhouse School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, Lothian, UK

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Chlamydia trachomatis ( Ct ) infection has significant long-term reproductive consequences, leading to a range of complications including infertility, miscarriage and preterm birth ( Tang et al. 2020 ). While the mechanisms through which Ct

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