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Mathias Abiodun Emokpae Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

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Somieye Imaobong Brown Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

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of lifestyle factors in the etiology of infertility has generated a growing interest among researchers. Several authors have provided evidence of an association between lifestyle behaviors and infertility in both men and women, they include; delayed

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Francesco Saverio Ludovichetti Neurosciences Department – Dentistry Section, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Anna Giulia Signoriello Neurosciences Department – Dentistry Section, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Edoardo Alvise Gobbato Neurosciences Department – Dentistry Section, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Anna Artuso Neurosciences Department – Dentistry Section, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Edoardo Stellini Neurosciences Department – Dentistry Section, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Sergio Mazzoleni Neurosciences Department – Dentistry Section, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy

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infertility as a disorder of the reproductive system characterized by the inability to establish a natural pregnancy following regular unprotected or targeted relationships after a period of 12 months or more. This condition affects 10–15% of women while in

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Shen Chuen Khaw NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK

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Zhen Zhe Wong International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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Richard Anderson MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Sarah Martins da Silva Reproductive Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK

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Introduction Infertility is the inability to conceive naturally within 1 year for a sexually active couple not using contraception ( Rowe et al. 2000 , World Health Organization 2020 ). Worldwide, 15% of couples are estimated to be

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B Karavadra Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, UK

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A Stockl University of East Anglia, Norwich Medical School, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK

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A H Balen The Leeds Teaching Hospital, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Great George Street, Leeds, UK

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E P Morris Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, UK

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similar messages from other studies. Vaughan et al . (2020) found that during COVID-19 infertility was the main stressor that participants were concerned about. Boivin et al . (2020) provide a very interesting insight into the coping mechanisms used

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I Robertson Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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A J Kermack Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Y Cheong Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Complete Fertility, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK

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the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and the British Fertility Society (BFS) advocated a precautionary approach, advising infertility patients planning treatment to

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Iman Al-Saleh Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Serdar Coskun Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Reem Al-Rouqi Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Tahreer Al-Rajudi Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Chafica Eltabache Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Mai Abduljabbar Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Saad Al-Hassan Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic disorders, and cancer ( Raghunath et al. 2018 ). The role of ROS in the etiology of male and female infertility has also been reported ( Agarwal et al. 2012 a , 2014 ). Some of the factors that have been implicated in

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Kei Odawara Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Department of Surgery, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Fertility Clinic Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Ryosuke Akino Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Department of Surgery, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Akihiko Sekizawa Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Department of Surgery, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Miwa Sakamoto Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Seo Yuriko Fertility Clinic Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Kanako Tanaka Fertility Clinic Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Mutsumi Mikashima Fertility Clinic Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Masami Suzuki Fertility Clinic Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Yasushi Odawara Fertility Clinic Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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reproductive medicine, including tubal infertility patients and male infertility patients. Even if a healthy embryo is obtained by egg collection, there are many cases wherein implantation does not occur, and the pregnancy reaction becomes positive after

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Camila N Ortiz Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico, USA

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Annelyn Torres-Reverón DHR Health Institute for Research and Development, Edinburg, Texas, USA

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Caroline B Appleyard Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico, USA

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, dysuria, bleeding in between menstrual cycles, infertility, pelvic pain, painful defecation, and gastrointestinal symptoms ( Sinaii et al. 2008 , Mehedintu et al. 2014 ). Although some women are asymptomatic, those who experience these chronic

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Douglas A Gibson Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Frances Collins Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Bianca De Leo Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Andrew W Horne MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Philippa T K Saunders Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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a hormonal treatment (H). (F) The abundance of CD14 high or CD14 low peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) did not differ between women reporting infertility (True) and those who did not (False). (G) The abundance of CD14 high or CD14 low PMφ in women

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