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S M O’Mahony Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

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P Comizzoli Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

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many aspects of health and influence disease as well as disease risks. In recent decades, great research strides have been made to characterize the influence of different communities of microbiota on reproduction and fertility in both human and animal

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Jennifer E Pearson-Farr Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK

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Gabrielle Wheway Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK

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Maaike S A Jongen Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK

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Patricia Goggin Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Rohan M Lewis Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK

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Ying Cheong Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
Complete Fertility Centre Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Division of Women and Newborn, Southampton, UK

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Jane K Cleal Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK

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Participants were recruited for the collection of an endometrial biopsy at a tertiary fertility and gynaecology referral centre in Southampton. Recruited participants met study criteria including aged 21–37 years, no hormonal contraception, no infections and no

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Charvi Kanodia Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, UK

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Michael P Rimmer MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, UK

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Kathleen Duffin Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK

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Rod T Mitchell MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, UK

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Chemotherapy exposure may reduce fertility in males. Adult men may cryopreserve sperm prior to commencing cancer therapy; however, for pre-pubertal males who do not produce sperm, fertility preservation remains experimental. At present, no human

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Heidy Kaune Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
Program of Ethics and Public Policies in Human Reproduction, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile

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Juan F Montiel Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile

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Mark Fenwick Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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Suzannah A Williams Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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cortical tissue has demonstrated that 54% of women with POI have residual follicles that can potentially be reactivated to resume fertility ( Suzuki et al. 2015 ). However, in around 70% of the cases, POI is considered idiopathic ( Meskhi & Seif 2006

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Nicola Tempest Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
Hewitt Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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Madeleine France-Ratcliffe Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

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Hannan Al-Lamee Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
Hewitt Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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Evie R Oliver Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK

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Emily E Slaine Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK

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Andrew J Drakeley Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
Hewitt Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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Victoria S Sprung Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

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Dharani K Hapangama Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK

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2017 , Ricci et al. 2017 , Ayton 2019 , Imterat et al. 2019 , Sermondade et al. 2019 ). Currently, routine fertility consultations do not involve counselling or imparting advice regarding habitual physical activity (PA) and/or structured

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Michael P Rimmer MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Christopher D Gregory Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Rod T Mitchell MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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allows sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fertilise an ovum. Reduced EV-mediated transfer of ZPBP-1 to sperm may in part lead to reduced fertility associated with teratospermia ( Rowlison et al. 2020 ). Although morphologically ‘normal’, sperm

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James Barrett Charing Cross Gender Identity Clinic, Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust, London, UK

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-fund augmentation mammoplasties or facial feminization surgery as neither procedure is currently NHS funded. The mean age at presentation to a gender identity clinic has fallen over the years and is now such that, for the majority of patients, fertility

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Rod T Mitchell MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK

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Suzannah A Williams Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Introduction Fertility preservation is a rapidly advancing field with numerous broad applications ranging from retaining the prospect of fertility in a child with cancer to protecting an entire species from extinction. In recent years, huge

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Bhorika Aggarwal Reproductive Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK

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Amanda L Evans Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), London, UK

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Howard Ryan Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), London, UK

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Sarah J Martins da Silva Reproductive Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK

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fertility preservation who may only have one opportunity to create embryos. As such, there is a genuine debate regarding the correct approach to fertilisation for this particular group of patients: whether to apply IVF or ICSI depending on sperm

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Willem Ombelet The Walking Egg non-profit Organization, Genk, Belgium
Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium

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Federica Lopes School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom

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recognised as a disease, and universal access to high-quality services for family planning, including fertility care, is one of the core elements of reproductive health ( WHO 2020 ). With this fact sheet, the WHO acknowledged that patients have a right to

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