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the CM membrane on sperm characteristics is still scarcely studied. The present study was designed to assess whether the introduced selection through CM may have a positive influence on sperm motility, morphology, and DNA fragmentation levels
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Introduction Asthenozoospermia is defined as <32% progressive sperm motility in semen, and while it can be readily identified at semen analysis, the underlying causes are not known ( WHO 2010 ). A number of studies have examined
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. 2005 , Dokmeci 2005 , Adewoyin et al. 2017 ). In vitro , addition of carnitine to culture media increases sperm motility and vitality ( Tanphaichitr 1977 , Banihani et al. 2014 ). Notably, men with abnormal semen parameters have been reported to
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the expansion of a line ( Behringer et al. 2014 , Taft 2017 ). In addition, sperm collection is performed to investigate sperm quality traits like sperm motility or swimming velocity. These traits can work as a proxy to estimate male fertility in
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Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Bayern, Germany
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Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, Virginia, USA
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( Lockyear et al. 2009 ), and cryoprotectant and post-thaw culture temperatures ( Franklin et al. 2018 ), have improved survival and motility post-thaw. However, sperm motility/viability has been shown to drop precipitously during post-thaw incubation in
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Monash IVF Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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in a wide variety of ways, including reduced sperm number, lowered sperm motility, abnormal sperm morphology, impaired capacitation and sperm-egg recognition, lowered vitality, DNA damage, and oxidative stress ( Zini & Libman 2006 , Aitken & Roman
School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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clinical trials studying the effects of N-9 focused on the sperm structure and functions. Sperm motility determines the ability of sperm to move toward the egg through the female reproductive tract. It is considered as the most important parameter to
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activity ( Shen et al. 2019 ), and acrosome integrity ( Levitas et al. 2006 , Shen et al. 2019 ). Mayorga-Torres et al. (2015) have shown that a longer EA is associated with increases in semen volume and sperm count. Sperm motility, viability
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motility, and morphological abnormalities were recorded. Sperm concentration was determined using a Makler counting chamber. Sperm motility was manually assessed in 200 spermatozoa on a slide using 40× objective under a compound microscope. Sperm vitality
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(in the case of ART use), or in the female reproductive tract ( Vitku et al. 2016 ). Sperm require both motility and capacitation abilities in order to fertilize an egg. In 2015, Lukacova et al. reported decreased bovine sperm motility after in