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( Mackenna 1995 ). Currently, routine semen analysis, based on the evaluation of sperm count, sperm mobility, and morphology alone, provides valuable but superficial information about male fertility status. Despite being classified as normozoospermic, some
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method, which is the dissection of the caudaepididymidis, and compared sperm motility, swimming velocity and morphology traits between samples. Given that PESA samples have been successfully used for IVFs, we assume that PESA will provide sperm samples
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application of this method selects spermatozoa with better motility ( AL-Marayaty et al. 2017 ), morphology ( Heidari et al. 2018 ), and lower sperm DNA fragmentation rates compared to native sperm ( Younglai et al. 2001 , Parmegiani et al. 2010
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School of Medicine, Division Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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; Variation in methods used for the measurement of pre-freeze and post-thaw sperm parameters; Lack of consideration and assessment of sperm morphological defects possibly induced by sperm freezing. In view of the above, the aim of this study was
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Monash IVF Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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in a wide variety of ways, including reduced sperm number, lowered sperm motility, abnormal sperm morphology, impaired capacitation and sperm-egg recognition, lowered vitality, DNA damage, and oxidative stress ( Zini & Libman 2006 , Aitken & Roman
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⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW a,c Normal sperm morphology 1.39–32.73% MD 2.41% higher 0.79 higher to 4.03 higher – 438 6 RCTs ⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW a,c Clinical pregnancy Study population 113 per 1000 116 per 1000 61–221 1.03 (0
Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, Colorado, USA
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Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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series, the volume of recovered sample was determined and small aliquots (~5 µL) were used to evaluate pH (pH Indicator Strip; Millipore Sigma), the proportion of motile sperm (0–100%), and sperm morphology (fixed in 0.4% glutaraldehyde) ( Howard 1993
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University of Lille, CHRU, INSERM UMRS 1172, Lille, France
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2008 ). Meanwhile, no seasonal differences were found in sperm morphology, findings similar to those of Swelum et al. (2018 b ) . However, conventional sperm parameters are held to be unsatisfactory because they do not not correlate well with
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motility, and morphological abnormalities were recorded. Sperm concentration was determined using a Makler counting chamber. Sperm motility was manually assessed in 200 spermatozoa on a slide using 40× objective under a compound microscope. Sperm vitality
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compared to groups C, D, E, F, and G. Effect of VA and VC supplements on sperm morphology (neck, tail, and head defects and normal) on DEHP-induced normal and experimental rats The result revealed that rats treated with DEHP only (group B