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Rumiana Ganeva Research Department, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Dimitar Parvanov Research Department, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Denitsa Velikova Andrology Department, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Magdalena Vasileva Embryology Department, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Kristina Nikolova Embryology Department, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Georgi Stamenov Obsterics and Gynecology Department, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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( Mackenna 1995 ). Currently, routine semen analysis, based on the evaluation of sperm count, sperm mobility, and morphology alone, provides valuable but superficial information about male fertility status. Despite being classified as normozoospermic, some

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Lisa Windhofer Institute of in vivo and in vitro Models, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Auke Boersma Institute of in vivo and in vitro Models, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Maik Dahlhoff Institute of in vivo and in vitro Models, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Thomas Rülicke Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria

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Kerstin E Auer Institute of in vivo and in vitro Models, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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method, which is the dissection of the caudaepididymidis, and compared sperm motility, swimming velocity and morphology traits between samples. Given that PESA samples have been successfully used for IVFs, we assume that PESA will provide sperm samples

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Maria Handzhiyska Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Rumiana Ganeva Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Dimitar Parvanov Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Margarita Ruseva Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Petar Eftimov Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, SU St. Climent Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Vilyana Georgieva Department of Andrology, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Denitsa Velikova Department of Andrology, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Georgi Stamenov Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

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application of this method selects spermatozoa with better motility ( AL-Marayaty et al. 2017 ), morphology ( Heidari et al. 2018 ), and lower sperm DNA fragmentation rates compared to native sperm ( Younglai et al. 2001 , Parmegiani et al. 2010

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Dimitra Apostolia Androni Assisted Conception Service, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde,Glasgow, UK

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Sophie Dodds Semovo Ltd, Manchester Fertility, Cheadle, UK

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Mathew Tomlinson Fertility Unit, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
School of Medicine, Division Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK

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Walid E Maalouf School of Medicine, Division Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK

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; Variation in methods used for the measurement of pre-freeze and post-thaw sperm parameters; Lack of consideration and assessment of sperm morphological defects possibly induced by sperm freezing. In view of the above, the aim of this study was

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Alena J Hungerford Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

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Hassan W Bakos Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
Monash IVF Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Robert J Aitken Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

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in a wide variety of ways, including reduced sperm number, lowered sperm motility, abnormal sperm morphology, impaired capacitation and sperm-egg recognition, lowered vitality, DNA damage, and oxidative stress ( Zini & Libman 2006 , Aitken & Roman

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Shen Chuen Khaw NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK

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Zhen Zhe Wong International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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Richard Anderson MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Sarah Martins da Silva Reproductive Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK

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⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW a,c Normal sperm morphology 1.39–32.73% MD 2.41% higher 0.79 higher to 4.03 higher – 438 6 RCTs ⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW a,c Clinical pregnancy  Study population 113 per 1000 116 per 1000 61–221 1.03 (0

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Jason R Herrick Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebrask, USA
Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, Colorado, USA

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Cayla J Iske Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA

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Rachel M Santymire Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Colleen Lynch Riverbanks Zoo and Garden, Columbia, South Carolina, USA

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Mattina Alonge Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Rebecca L Krisher Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Lone Tree, Colorado, USA

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Cheryl L Morris Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebrask, USA
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA

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series, the volume of recovered sample was determined and small aliquots (~5 µL) were used to evaluate pH (pH Indicator Strip; Millipore Sigma), the proportion of motile sperm (0–100%), and sperm morphology (fixed in 0.4% glutaraldehyde) ( Howard 1993

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Clara Malo Camel Reproduction Centre, Dubai, UAE

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Sara Carracedo SPQI S.A.S, Lille, France

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Maryse Delehedde SPQI S.A.S, Lille, France

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Nicolas Sergeant SPQI S.A.S, Lille, France
University of Lille, CHRU, INSERM UMRS 1172, Lille, France

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Julian Alexandra Skidmore Camel Reproduction Centre, Dubai, UAE

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2008 ). Meanwhile, no seasonal differences were found in sperm morphology, findings similar to those of Swelum et al. (2018 b ) . However, conventional sperm parameters are held to be unsatisfactory because they do not not correlate well with

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Huidrom Yaiphaba Meitei Division of Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

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Shubhashree Uppangala Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

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Vani Lakshmi R Department of Data Science, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

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Guruprasad Kalthur Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

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Satish Kumar Adiga Division of Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

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motility, and morphological abnormalities were recorded. Sperm concentration was determined using a Makler counting chamber. Sperm motility was manually assessed in 200 spermatozoa on a slide using 40× objective under a compound microscope. Sperm vitality

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B Ogunlade Behavioral and Aging Lab, Human Anatomy Department, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

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S C Gbotolorun Anatomy Department, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

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O A Adedotun Behavioral and Aging Lab, Human Anatomy Department, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

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K Iteire Anatomy Department, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria

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J Adejayi Behavioral and Aging Lab, Human Anatomy Department, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

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compared to groups C, D, E, F, and G. Effect of VA and VC supplements on sperm morphology (neck, tail, and head defects and normal) on DEHP-induced normal and experimental rats The result revealed that rats treated with DEHP only (group B

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